Advanced malignant mesothelioma includes stage II, stage III, and stage IV.
. In Stage II, cancer is found in the lining of the chest wall and the lymph nodes on the same side of the chest. Cancer may also be found in the lining of the lungs, the lining of the diaphragm, or the lining of the sac that covers the heart on the same side of the chest.
. In stage III, cancer has spread to any of the following areas:
. The chest wall.
. The mediastinum.
. The heart.
. Beyond the diaphragm.
. The peritoneum. Cancer may have also spread to lymph nodes on the other side of the chest or outside the chest.
. In stage IV, cancer has spread to distant organs or tissues.
Wednesday, June 20, 2007
Localized malignant mesothelioma (stage I)
In localized malignant mesothelioma, cancer is found in the lining of the chest wall and may also be found in the lining of the lung, the lining of the diaphragm, or the lining of the sac that covers the heart on the same side of the chest.
The stages of malignant mesothelioma are divided into two groups
Malignant mesothelioma stages are grouped into localized and advanced.
After malignant mesothelioma has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body
The process used to find out if cancer has spread outside the pleura or peritoneum is called staging. The information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is important to know the spread of the cancer in order to plan treatment. The following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process:
. Chest x-ray: An x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.
. CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of the chest and abdomen, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of the chest or abdomen. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
. Chest x-ray: An x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.
. CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of the chest and abdomen, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of the chest or abdomen. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:
. The stage of the cancer.
. The size of the tumor.
. Whether the tumor can be removed completely by surgery.
. The amount of fluid in the chest or abdomen.
. The patient's age and general health, including lung and heart health.
. The type of mesothelioma cancer cells and how they look under a microscope.
. Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).
. The stage of the cancer.
. The size of the tumor.
. Whether the tumor can be removed completely by surgery.
. The amount of fluid in the chest or abdomen.
. The patient's age and general health, including lung and heart health.
. The type of mesothelioma cancer cells and how they look under a microscope.
. Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).
Tests that examine the inside of the chest and abdomen are used to detect (find) and diagnose malignant mesothelioma
Sometimes it is hard to tell the difference between malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer. The following tests and procedures may be used:
.Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits, exposure to asbestos, past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
. Chest x-ray: An x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.
. Complete blood count (CBC): A procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for the following:
. The number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
. The amount of hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen) in the red blood cells.
. The portion of the blood sample made up of red blood cells.
. Sedimentation rate: A procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for the rate at which the red blood cells settle to the bottom of the test tube.
. Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues from the pleura or peritoneum so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. Procedures used to collect the cells or tissues include the following:
. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy: The removal of part of a lump, suspicious tissue, or fluid, using a thin needle. This procedure is also called a needle biopsy.
. Theracoscopy: An incision (cut) is made between two ribs and a thoracoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into the chest.
Peritoneoscopy: An incision (cut) is made in the abdominal wall and a peritoneoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into the abdomen.
. Laparotomy: An incision (cut) is made in the wall of the abdomen to check the inside of the abdomen for signs of disease.
. Theracotomy: An incision (cut) is made between two ribs to check inside the chest for signs of disease.
. Bronchscopy: A procedure to look inside the trachea and large airways in the lung for abnormal areas. A bronchoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted through the nose or mouth into the trachea and lungs. Tissue samples may be taken for biopsy.
. Cytologic exam: An exam of cells under a microscope (by a pathologist) to check for anything abnormal. For mesothelioma, fluid is taken from around the lungs or from the abdomen. A pathologist checks the cells in the fluid.
.Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits, exposure to asbestos, past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
. Chest x-ray: An x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.
. Complete blood count (CBC): A procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for the following:
. The number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
. The amount of hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen) in the red blood cells.
. The portion of the blood sample made up of red blood cells.
. Sedimentation rate: A procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for the rate at which the red blood cells settle to the bottom of the test tube.
. Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues from the pleura or peritoneum so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. Procedures used to collect the cells or tissues include the following:
. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy: The removal of part of a lump, suspicious tissue, or fluid, using a thin needle. This procedure is also called a needle biopsy.
. Theracoscopy: An incision (cut) is made between two ribs and a thoracoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into the chest.
Peritoneoscopy: An incision (cut) is made in the abdominal wall and a peritoneoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into the abdomen.
. Laparotomy: An incision (cut) is made in the wall of the abdomen to check the inside of the abdomen for signs of disease.
. Theracotomy: An incision (cut) is made between two ribs to check inside the chest for signs of disease.
. Bronchscopy: A procedure to look inside the trachea and large airways in the lung for abnormal areas. A bronchoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted through the nose or mouth into the trachea and lungs. Tissue samples may be taken for biopsy.
. Cytologic exam: An exam of cells under a microscope (by a pathologist) to check for anything abnormal. For mesothelioma, fluid is taken from around the lungs or from the abdomen. A pathologist checks the cells in the fluid.
Possible signs of malignant mesothelioma include shortness of breath and pain under the rib cage
Sometimes the cancer causes fluid to collect around the lung or in the abdomen. These symptoms may be caused by the fluid or malignant mesothelioma. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:
. Trouble breathing.
. Pain under the rib cage.
. Pain or swelling in the abdomen.
. Lumps in the abdomen.
. Weight loss for no known reason.
. Trouble breathing.
. Pain under the rib cage.
. Pain or swelling in the abdomen.
. Lumps in the abdomen.
. Weight loss for no known reason.
Being exposed to asbestos can affect the risk of developing malignant mesothelioma
Many people with malignant mesothelioma have worked or lived in places where they inhaled or swallowed asbestos. After being exposed to asbestos, it usually takes a long time for malignant mesothelioma to occur. Other risk factors for malignant mesothelioma include the following:
. Living with a person who works near asbestos.
. Being exposed to a certain virus.
. Living with a person who works near asbestos.
. Being exposed to a certain virus.
Malignant mesothelioma
Malignant Mesothelioma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the pleura (the thin layer of tissue that lines the chest cavity and covers the lungs) or the peritoneum (the thin layer of tissue that lines the abdomen and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). This summary is about malignant mesothelioma of the pleura.
Mesothelioma and Asbestos
Mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer caused by exposure to asbestos. Asbestos is a naturally-occurring fiber that, when released into the air, can be inhaled or swallowed. Asbestos has no smell or taste, and asbestos fibers are so small that they are not visible to the naked eye. Asbestos fibers can “stick” in the lung, abdomen and other body tissues and over time, lead to the development of asbestos-related diseases like mesothelioma. There is a long latency period between asbestos exposure and the development of mesothelioma; in other words, decades may pass after a person’s first exposure to asbestos before he or she becomes ill. A person who has been diagnosed with asbestosis (a non-cancerous scarring of the lungs) is at an increased risk of developing mesothelioma in the future.
Millions of people in the U.S. have been exposed to asbestos, and it is estimated that approximately 3,000 people are diagnosed with mesothelioma each year. In these pages, you will read about asbestos and the common ways in which people have been exposed to asbestos.
Millions of people in the U.S. have been exposed to asbestos, and it is estimated that approximately 3,000 people are diagnosed with mesothelioma each year. In these pages, you will read about asbestos and the common ways in which people have been exposed to asbestos.
Wednesday, June 13, 2007
Innovations in Treatment
Doctors and researchers are always on the lookout for new ways to treat malignant mesothelioma. The following innovations in treatment, while not a cure for malignant mesothelioma, show some promise in helping to treat the disease.
Alimta
Alimta, when given with another chemotherapy drug called cisplatin, is a chemotherapy drug recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Photodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic therapy uses special drugs and a special type of light to kill cancer cells during surgery. A drug that makes cancer cells more sensitive to light is injected into the patient’s vein several days before surgery. During surgery, a special light is used to locate the cancer. This treatment is being studied for early stages of malignant mesothelioma.
Immunotherapy
This type of treatment harnesses the power of the body’s own immune system. Immunotherapy is currently being researched as a treatment for malignant mesothelioma.
Gene Therapy
In studies of gene therapy for cancer, the goal is to improve the body’s natural ability to fight malignant mesothelioma directly or to make the cancer cells more sensitive to other kinds of therapy.
Brachytherapy
Brachytherapy is radiation therapy applied from within the body as opposed to from a machine outside the body. Radioactive sources are placed in or near the tumor, giving a high radiation dose to the tumor while reducing the radiation exposure in surrounding healthy tissues. This precision can help to minimize side effects.
Clinical Trials
A clinical trial (also clinical research) is a research study using human volunteers to answer specific health questions. Carefully conducted clinical trials help discover treatments that work in people and ways to improve health. Interventional trials determine whether experimental treatments or new ways of using known therapies are safe and effective under controlled environments. Observational trials address health issues in large groups of people or populations in natural settings. If you are interested in participating in a clinical trial, talk to your doctor about whether a clinical trial may be an appropriate option in your case.
Phase I
Phase I trials are considered the first step in testing the safety and efficacy of a new drug. Doctors and researchers are trying to determine many things about the drug’s effect on the disease and on the patient. Among the things that researchers are trying to determine are correct dosage, safety profile, and any side effects.
Phase II
At this stage, researchers select a relatively small group of patients to study the specific effects of the pre-determined dosage. Phase II studies also typically focus on a specific type of disease.
Phase III
During Phase III testing, researchers compare the effectiveness of the new, experimental drug against already existing therapies. Usually, patients are randomly assigned to therapeutic groups to cut down on the possibility of human bias. Phase III trials can be large, recruiting patients from across the country.
Alimta
Alimta, when given with another chemotherapy drug called cisplatin, is a chemotherapy drug recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Photodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic therapy uses special drugs and a special type of light to kill cancer cells during surgery. A drug that makes cancer cells more sensitive to light is injected into the patient’s vein several days before surgery. During surgery, a special light is used to locate the cancer. This treatment is being studied for early stages of malignant mesothelioma.
Immunotherapy
This type of treatment harnesses the power of the body’s own immune system. Immunotherapy is currently being researched as a treatment for malignant mesothelioma.
Gene Therapy
In studies of gene therapy for cancer, the goal is to improve the body’s natural ability to fight malignant mesothelioma directly or to make the cancer cells more sensitive to other kinds of therapy.
Brachytherapy
Brachytherapy is radiation therapy applied from within the body as opposed to from a machine outside the body. Radioactive sources are placed in or near the tumor, giving a high radiation dose to the tumor while reducing the radiation exposure in surrounding healthy tissues. This precision can help to minimize side effects.
Clinical Trials
A clinical trial (also clinical research) is a research study using human volunteers to answer specific health questions. Carefully conducted clinical trials help discover treatments that work in people and ways to improve health. Interventional trials determine whether experimental treatments or new ways of using known therapies are safe and effective under controlled environments. Observational trials address health issues in large groups of people or populations in natural settings. If you are interested in participating in a clinical trial, talk to your doctor about whether a clinical trial may be an appropriate option in your case.
Phase I
Phase I trials are considered the first step in testing the safety and efficacy of a new drug. Doctors and researchers are trying to determine many things about the drug’s effect on the disease and on the patient. Among the things that researchers are trying to determine are correct dosage, safety profile, and any side effects.
Phase II
At this stage, researchers select a relatively small group of patients to study the specific effects of the pre-determined dosage. Phase II studies also typically focus on a specific type of disease.
Phase III
During Phase III testing, researchers compare the effectiveness of the new, experimental drug against already existing therapies. Usually, patients are randomly assigned to therapeutic groups to cut down on the possibility of human bias. Phase III trials can be large, recruiting patients from across the country.
Supportive Care or Palliative Therapies
Palliative treatments refer to those procedures that relieve symptoms and help make the patient more comfortable. Here are some palliative therapies that may be used to treat mesothelioma.
Pleurodesis
Pleurodesis is a procedure that is sometimes used to control pleural effusion, or the buildup of fluids between the lungs and the lung lining. Pleurodesis causes the space between the lungs and the lung lining to close, reducing the chance for fluid to accumulate. One method of pleurodesis uses thoracoscopy, whereby a small incision, or a few small incisions are made in the skin and a thoracoscope is passed through the incision to get a better look at the pleura. The sclerosing agent is then applied.
Pain Management
Pain management is another way to treat the discomfort associated with mesothelioma. For additional information on pain management.
Pleurodesis
Pleurodesis is a procedure that is sometimes used to control pleural effusion, or the buildup of fluids between the lungs and the lung lining. Pleurodesis causes the space between the lungs and the lung lining to close, reducing the chance for fluid to accumulate. One method of pleurodesis uses thoracoscopy, whereby a small incision, or a few small incisions are made in the skin and a thoracoscope is passed through the incision to get a better look at the pleura. The sclerosing agent is then applied.
Pain Management
Pain management is another way to treat the discomfort associated with mesothelioma. For additional information on pain management.
Radiation
Radiation therapy is an intense X-ray treatment to damage or kill cancer cells. Although not a cure for mesothelioma, radiation therapy nonetheless may be used at different stages of the disease to slow its growth. Radiation is often the main treatment for patients in weak health. Radiation is also used to destroy small clusters of cancer cells that may have been missed in surgery. When used in conjunction with surgery, radiation treatment is referred to as adjuvant radiation.
External Beam Radiation
The form of radiation therapy used most often is external radiation, in which a machine very similar to an X-ray machine directs strong beams of light at the cancerous cells from outside the body, killing the tumor cells underneath.
Internal Radiation (Brachytherapy)
Internal radiation therapy, also called brachytherapy, involves the placement of radiation sources in the body. With mesothelioma patients, the radioactive material is positioned inside the abdomen or the chest.
Treatments
Taxotere, Taxol
Tumors can return after chemotherapy in some cases. Taxotere and Taxol are drugs that are used to help rid the body of cancer cells when cancer recurs following a previous chemotherapy treatment. These drugs inhibit the duplication or reproduction of cancerous cells. They are delivered through intravenous infusion.
Zofran and Anti Nausea Drugs
One of the most common side effects of chemotherapy treatment is nausea. Zofran is a drug used to ease nausea. Others are Emeset, Oncoden and Zofron. These drugs can help to control radiation therapy induced nausea, as well as post-op nausea and other kinds of nausea.
Endostatin
A natural protein shown to inhibit the growth of blood vessels. The administration of Endostatin results in cancerous tumors “starving” due to lack of blood. This drug is still in clinical trials and has not been approved for general prescription, however.
Tumors can return after chemotherapy in some cases. Taxotere and Taxol are drugs that are used to help rid the body of cancer cells when cancer recurs following a previous chemotherapy treatment. These drugs inhibit the duplication or reproduction of cancerous cells. They are delivered through intravenous infusion.
Zofran and Anti Nausea Drugs
One of the most common side effects of chemotherapy treatment is nausea. Zofran is a drug used to ease nausea. Others are Emeset, Oncoden and Zofron. These drugs can help to control radiation therapy induced nausea, as well as post-op nausea and other kinds of nausea.
Endostatin
A natural protein shown to inhibit the growth of blood vessels. The administration of Endostatin results in cancerous tumors “starving” due to lack of blood. This drug is still in clinical trials and has not been approved for general prescription, however.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses certain chemical agents or drugs that are specifically destructive to malignant tissues and cells. Doctors may recommend single agent chemotherapy or a combination chemotherapy treatment. The single agent chemotherapy treatment involves the use one type of chemical or drug. The combination chemotherapy method involves the use of more than one chemical or drug. While it is not a cure for mesothelioma, chemotherapy treatment may slow the progression of the cancer. What follows is a partial listing of the chemotherapy treatments a doctor might recommend to treat mesothelioma:
Alimta (Pemetrexed)
Alimta, when used with Cisplatin is indicated for treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma and is usually given through an intravenous tube (IV infusion).
Onconase (Ranpirnase)
A new drug that may help slow the growth of mesothelioma tumors.
Navelbine (Vinorelbine)
Like Alimta, when combined with other drugs in chemotherapy, Navelbine is used to treat mesothelioma tumors. Clinical trials are still underway and testing on some patients has begun. Navelbine is usually given intravenously.
Carbonplatin (Paraplatin)
A chemotherapy medication that interferes with the growth of cancer cells. It has been shown to slow the spread of cancer. Some serious side effects have been reported with the use of Carboplatin.
Cisplatin (Platinol)
Cisplatin is a clear fluid given in combination with other drugs in the treatment of certain types of cancer, including mesothelioma. In treatment for mesothelioma, Cisplatin is usually administered with Alimta. As with many chemotherapy drugs, certain side effects may occur. Cisplatin is usually given by IV infusion.
Related Drugs and Therapy
Besides the chemotherapy drugs doctors prescribe for the treatment of malignant mesothelioma, there are other drugs intended for post-chemotherapy use. Doctors will also prescribe drugs intended for use at the same time chemotherapy or radiation is underway, that are meant to minimize the side effects that can accompany these treatments.
Alimta (Pemetrexed)
Alimta, when used with Cisplatin is indicated for treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma and is usually given through an intravenous tube (IV infusion).
Onconase (Ranpirnase)
A new drug that may help slow the growth of mesothelioma tumors.
Navelbine (Vinorelbine)
Like Alimta, when combined with other drugs in chemotherapy, Navelbine is used to treat mesothelioma tumors. Clinical trials are still underway and testing on some patients has begun. Navelbine is usually given intravenously.
Carbonplatin (Paraplatin)
A chemotherapy medication that interferes with the growth of cancer cells. It has been shown to slow the spread of cancer. Some serious side effects have been reported with the use of Carboplatin.
Cisplatin (Platinol)
Cisplatin is a clear fluid given in combination with other drugs in the treatment of certain types of cancer, including mesothelioma. In treatment for mesothelioma, Cisplatin is usually administered with Alimta. As with many chemotherapy drugs, certain side effects may occur. Cisplatin is usually given by IV infusion.
Related Drugs and Therapy
Besides the chemotherapy drugs doctors prescribe for the treatment of malignant mesothelioma, there are other drugs intended for post-chemotherapy use. Doctors will also prescribe drugs intended for use at the same time chemotherapy or radiation is underway, that are meant to minimize the side effects that can accompany these treatments.
Monday, June 11, 2007
Pericardial Mesothelioma Surgeries
Pericardiocentesis
This is the process for drawing fluid out of the affected area to help to relieve the discomfort associated with pericardial mesothelioma. For this procedure, a needle is inserted into the pericardium (the sac around the heart) to drain the fluid and relieve circulatory problems. The draining of this fluid can be associated with complications, however.
Extrapleural pneumonectomy
An aggressive surgery also used in appropriate situations to treat pleural mesothelioma, an extrapleural pneumonectomy involves removal of the pleura, diaphragm, pericardium, and the entire lung on the side of the tumor.
This is the process for drawing fluid out of the affected area to help to relieve the discomfort associated with pericardial mesothelioma. For this procedure, a needle is inserted into the pericardium (the sac around the heart) to drain the fluid and relieve circulatory problems. The draining of this fluid can be associated with complications, however.
Extrapleural pneumonectomy
An aggressive surgery also used in appropriate situations to treat pleural mesothelioma, an extrapleural pneumonectomy involves removal of the pleura, diaphragm, pericardium, and the entire lung on the side of the tumor.
Peritoneal Mesothelioma Surgeries
Paracentesis
Peritoneal mesothelioma can cause fluid to build up in the abdomen in a process called peritoneal effusion. This excess fluid is drained through a needle and tube inserted into the abdomen. Paracentesis (sometimes called an “ascitic tap”) can help take the pressure off the internal organs, and also helps reduce the risk of infection that may be caused by the fluid buildup. This is a “palliative” procedure, meaning that the goal of paracentesis is to help to relieve the discomfort associated with peritoneal mesothelioma.
Peritonectomy
A “peritonectomy” involves removing the peritoneum, the lining of the abdomen where the mesothelioma first develops. This form of surgery is most often used when the cancer is detected in the very early stages of the disease. Your surgeon might recommend that a peritonectomy be performed in tandem with “intraperitoneal hypothermic perfusion,” a form of heated chemotherapy where the chemotherapy drugs are administered directly into the abdomen during and/or after surgery.
Cytoreductive (or “debulking”) surgery
During cytoreductive or debulking surgery, the surgeon opens the abdominal cavity (a procedure known as a “laparotomy”) to look for all signs of cancer and attempt to remove as much of the tumor as possible. This surgery can be quite long in duration because of the amount of detail the surgeon must use to search for and remove signs of cancer in the abdominal area. Your surgeon might recommend that this surgery be performed in tandem with “intraperitoneal hypothermic perfusion,” a form of heated chemotherapy administered into the abdominal cavity.
Peritoneal mesothelioma can cause fluid to build up in the abdomen in a process called peritoneal effusion. This excess fluid is drained through a needle and tube inserted into the abdomen. Paracentesis (sometimes called an “ascitic tap”) can help take the pressure off the internal organs, and also helps reduce the risk of infection that may be caused by the fluid buildup. This is a “palliative” procedure, meaning that the goal of paracentesis is to help to relieve the discomfort associated with peritoneal mesothelioma.
Peritonectomy
A “peritonectomy” involves removing the peritoneum, the lining of the abdomen where the mesothelioma first develops. This form of surgery is most often used when the cancer is detected in the very early stages of the disease. Your surgeon might recommend that a peritonectomy be performed in tandem with “intraperitoneal hypothermic perfusion,” a form of heated chemotherapy where the chemotherapy drugs are administered directly into the abdomen during and/or after surgery.
Cytoreductive (or “debulking”) surgery
During cytoreductive or debulking surgery, the surgeon opens the abdominal cavity (a procedure known as a “laparotomy”) to look for all signs of cancer and attempt to remove as much of the tumor as possible. This surgery can be quite long in duration because of the amount of detail the surgeon must use to search for and remove signs of cancer in the abdominal area. Your surgeon might recommend that this surgery be performed in tandem with “intraperitoneal hypothermic perfusion,” a form of heated chemotherapy administered into the abdominal cavity.
Pleural Mesothelioma Surgeries
Thoracentesis
This procedure involves the draining of fluid that may build up (called a “pleural effusion”) in the chest between the lung and the pleura. A tube is placed in the chest in order to drain out the fluid. Thoracentesis is a “palliative” treatment, meaning that its purpose is to help relieve discomfort.
Pleurodesis
Pleurodesis is a surgical procedure to help control pleural effusion, which is the buildup of fluid between the lungs and the lung lining. Pleurodesis closes the space between the lung and the lung lining, reducing the chance for fluid to accumulate.There are two approaches to performing a pleurodesis. In the first, a tube that is inserted into the chest drains the excess fluid. After this fluid is drained, a schlerosing agent (a substance that causes tissue to scar or harden), such as sterile talc powder, is injected through the chest tube and into the pleural space. The schlerosing agent is allowed to distribute itself through the pleural space, with the patient being asked to move about in order to facilitate the distribution. Once the agent is distributed, suction is applied to the tube in the chest. Similar to collapsing a plastic bag, the suction brings the two pleural surfaces together, allowing them to “scar” together.
The second method of pleurodesis uses thoracoscopy, whereby a small incision, or a series of small incisions, are made in the skin. A thoracoscope is passed through the incision in order to get a better look at the pleura. The schlerosing agent is then applied to the area.
Pleurectomy/Decortication
Pleurectomy/decortication involves removing the pleura, where most of the tumor is located. This procedure may help control pleural effusions (fluid build-up) and help to decrease the pain caused by the tumor. It is a palliative treatment, meaning that its goal is to help to lessen the discomfort caused by mesothelioma.
Pneumonectomy
A pneumonectomy is the removal of all or part of the lung. Your surgeon will make an incision in the side of the chest. When the lung is revealed, the surgeon visually assesses the tumor and decides how much tissue should be removed.
Extrapleural pneumonectomy
This extensive surgery usually involves the removal of the pleura, pericardium, diaphragm, and the whole lung on the side of the cancerous tumor. Your surgeon may decide to remove some of the surrounding tissues, as well.
This procedure involves the draining of fluid that may build up (called a “pleural effusion”) in the chest between the lung and the pleura. A tube is placed in the chest in order to drain out the fluid. Thoracentesis is a “palliative” treatment, meaning that its purpose is to help relieve discomfort.
Pleurodesis
Pleurodesis is a surgical procedure to help control pleural effusion, which is the buildup of fluid between the lungs and the lung lining. Pleurodesis closes the space between the lung and the lung lining, reducing the chance for fluid to accumulate.There are two approaches to performing a pleurodesis. In the first, a tube that is inserted into the chest drains the excess fluid. After this fluid is drained, a schlerosing agent (a substance that causes tissue to scar or harden), such as sterile talc powder, is injected through the chest tube and into the pleural space. The schlerosing agent is allowed to distribute itself through the pleural space, with the patient being asked to move about in order to facilitate the distribution. Once the agent is distributed, suction is applied to the tube in the chest. Similar to collapsing a plastic bag, the suction brings the two pleural surfaces together, allowing them to “scar” together.
The second method of pleurodesis uses thoracoscopy, whereby a small incision, or a series of small incisions, are made in the skin. A thoracoscope is passed through the incision in order to get a better look at the pleura. The schlerosing agent is then applied to the area.
Pleurectomy/Decortication
Pleurectomy/decortication involves removing the pleura, where most of the tumor is located. This procedure may help control pleural effusions (fluid build-up) and help to decrease the pain caused by the tumor. It is a palliative treatment, meaning that its goal is to help to lessen the discomfort caused by mesothelioma.
Pneumonectomy
A pneumonectomy is the removal of all or part of the lung. Your surgeon will make an incision in the side of the chest. When the lung is revealed, the surgeon visually assesses the tumor and decides how much tissue should be removed.
Extrapleural pneumonectomy
This extensive surgery usually involves the removal of the pleura, pericardium, diaphragm, and the whole lung on the side of the cancerous tumor. Your surgeon may decide to remove some of the surrounding tissues, as well.
Surgery
In some cases, surgery may be indicated to alleviate symptoms or slow the progression of mesothelioma. Surgery may be performed in tandem with other treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation, also known as “multi-modal therapy.”
Whether a surgery is recommended in your case will depend on factors unique to your situation, including the type and location of the cancer, the “stage” of the cancer, and your overall health. Of course, whether your doctor recommends surgery in your case will depend on factors individual to your case.
Whether a surgery is recommended in your case will depend on factors unique to your situation, including the type and location of the cancer, the “stage” of the cancer, and your overall health. Of course, whether your doctor recommends surgery in your case will depend on factors individual to your case.
Treatment
Here is a description of treatments for mesothelioma that a doctor may recommend. Whether a treatment is recommended depends on factors individual to each case. Though there is no known cure for the disease, these treatments can help to make the patient more comfortable or help to slow the progression of mesothelioma.
. Surgery
. Chemotherapy
. Radiation
. Supportive Care or Palliative Therapies
. Innovations in Treatment
. Surgery
. Chemotherapy
. Radiation
. Supportive Care or Palliative Therapies
. Innovations in Treatment
Thursday, June 7, 2007
Pericardial Mesothelioma: Diagnosis
Pericardial mesothelioma is also known as mesothelioma of the pericardium or cancer of the sac that holds the heart. Your doctor may diagnose pericardial mesothelioma using a thoracoscope to perform a thoracoscopy, which might also involve opening up the chest cavity to remove the tumor.
Patients who develop excessive fluid around the heart, called an effusion, may have a sample of the fluid taken to diagnose pericardial mesothelioma.
Patients who develop excessive fluid around the heart, called an effusion, may have a sample of the fluid taken to diagnose pericardial mesothelioma.
Peritoneal Mesothelioma: Diagnosis
One way doctors diagnose peritoneal mesothelioma is by looking inside the abdominal cavity with an instrument called a peritoneoscope. In this procedure, a cut is made through the abdomen wall and the peritoneoscope is placed into the abdomen. This test, called a peritoneoscopy, is usually performed in the hospital. Some patients develop excessive fluid in the abdomen. This is called an effusion or ascites. A doctor may take a sample of such fluid to diagnose peritoneal mesothelioma.
Pleural Mesothelioma: Diagnosis
Your doctor may perform some of the following procedures to diagnose pleural mesothelioma.
CT scan
This type of X-ray provides a very detailed picture of the size and location of the cancer. The images taken are compiled by a computer to create a more complete image of the disease. The procedure is also called a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan.
PET scan
A procedure in which a small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein, and a scanner is used to make detailed, computerized pictures of areas inside the body where the glucose is used. Because cancer cells often use more glucose than normal cells, the pictures can be used to find cancer cells in the body.
Thoracoscopy
The diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma may involve your doctor looking inside the chest cavity with an instrument called a thoracoscope. For this procedure, an incision is made through the chest wall and the thoracoscope is put into the chest between two ribs. This procedure is usually done in the hospital.
Bronchoscopy
A bronchoscopy involves an examination of the lungs and air passages. The doctor places a lighted tube down the patient’s throat and trachea into the lungs. This procedure is called a bronchoscopy, and the instrument used is called a bronchoscope.
Thoracentesis
Some patients develop fluid in their lungs. This is called a pleural effusion. Your doctor might take a sample of this fluid with a needle injected into the chest and test the fluid for cancer cells. Your doctor may also perform this procedure for draining fluid from the lungs to help relieve pain.
Mediastinoscopy
This is a test that examines the mediastinum. This area is in the center of your chest, between your lungs, and contains the heart, blood vessels and lymph nodes.
Needle Biopsy
For this procedure, the doctor uses a thin needle to take samples of cells for examination under microscope. This test can be uncomfortable but may take only a few minutes. Small pieces of the tissue are taken and then sent to a laboratory for analysis.
The doctor might also use an X-ray, CT scan or fluoroscopy to guide the needle as it is inserted into the tumor. Fluoroscopy is a diagnostic procedure in which X-rays are passed through the body and then projected onto a screen, providing a continuous image of the body’s internal structures.
Wedge Biopsy
For this procedure, a doctor makes an incision through the skin, and a wedge of tissue or tumor is obtained and sent to a laboratory for analysis. A wedge biopsy is often used when other biopsy methods have been unable to confirm a diagnosis.
Cytology and Pathology
Pathology is a study of a disease, which looks at specific cells and types of a disease process to determine the cause. Pathology tests are performed on samples of body fluid or tissue to determine the cell type (cytology) of a specific disease. The process of looking at these samples may include using microscopes, electron microscopes and various stains. This refers to special cell-staining techniques that identify specific types of malignant mesothelioma tumors. Certain types of dyes or coloring are added to the patient’s biopsy samples. Depending on how the tissue responds to the dye, the doctor can make a better estimate about the outcome of the illness. In making the diagnosis, the more information the doctor has about the tumor, the better he or she can recommend appropriate treatment.
After your biopsy, a sample of the tissue or fluid removed may be sent to a hospital laboratory to be analyzed.
. If fluid is removed during a thorancentesis or thorascopy, it is sent to a Cytology lab for analysis. Your doctor will receive a written report of the results. The doctor may receive an oral report from the lab prior to the written results.
. If a tissue biopsy from a bronchoscopy, needle biopsy or thorascopy is done, it is sent to a surgical pathology lab for analysis. The final report will be sent to your doctor.
. Surgical removal of a tumor, pleura or lung is sent to a surgical pathology lab. In the lab the material is analyzed with special stains. The material may be placed under a microscope for magnification and further review to determine the cell type. After analysis is completed, small pieces of any remaining tissue are preserved in paraffin for future use
CT scan
This type of X-ray provides a very detailed picture of the size and location of the cancer. The images taken are compiled by a computer to create a more complete image of the disease. The procedure is also called a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan.
PET scan
A procedure in which a small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein, and a scanner is used to make detailed, computerized pictures of areas inside the body where the glucose is used. Because cancer cells often use more glucose than normal cells, the pictures can be used to find cancer cells in the body.
Thoracoscopy
The diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma may involve your doctor looking inside the chest cavity with an instrument called a thoracoscope. For this procedure, an incision is made through the chest wall and the thoracoscope is put into the chest between two ribs. This procedure is usually done in the hospital.
Bronchoscopy
A bronchoscopy involves an examination of the lungs and air passages. The doctor places a lighted tube down the patient’s throat and trachea into the lungs. This procedure is called a bronchoscopy, and the instrument used is called a bronchoscope.
Thoracentesis
Some patients develop fluid in their lungs. This is called a pleural effusion. Your doctor might take a sample of this fluid with a needle injected into the chest and test the fluid for cancer cells. Your doctor may also perform this procedure for draining fluid from the lungs to help relieve pain.
Mediastinoscopy
This is a test that examines the mediastinum. This area is in the center of your chest, between your lungs, and contains the heart, blood vessels and lymph nodes.
Needle Biopsy
For this procedure, the doctor uses a thin needle to take samples of cells for examination under microscope. This test can be uncomfortable but may take only a few minutes. Small pieces of the tissue are taken and then sent to a laboratory for analysis.
The doctor might also use an X-ray, CT scan or fluoroscopy to guide the needle as it is inserted into the tumor. Fluoroscopy is a diagnostic procedure in which X-rays are passed through the body and then projected onto a screen, providing a continuous image of the body’s internal structures.
Wedge Biopsy
For this procedure, a doctor makes an incision through the skin, and a wedge of tissue or tumor is obtained and sent to a laboratory for analysis. A wedge biopsy is often used when other biopsy methods have been unable to confirm a diagnosis.
Cytology and Pathology
Pathology is a study of a disease, which looks at specific cells and types of a disease process to determine the cause. Pathology tests are performed on samples of body fluid or tissue to determine the cell type (cytology) of a specific disease. The process of looking at these samples may include using microscopes, electron microscopes and various stains. This refers to special cell-staining techniques that identify specific types of malignant mesothelioma tumors. Certain types of dyes or coloring are added to the patient’s biopsy samples. Depending on how the tissue responds to the dye, the doctor can make a better estimate about the outcome of the illness. In making the diagnosis, the more information the doctor has about the tumor, the better he or she can recommend appropriate treatment.
After your biopsy, a sample of the tissue or fluid removed may be sent to a hospital laboratory to be analyzed.
. If fluid is removed during a thorancentesis or thorascopy, it is sent to a Cytology lab for analysis. Your doctor will receive a written report of the results. The doctor may receive an oral report from the lab prior to the written results.
. If a tissue biopsy from a bronchoscopy, needle biopsy or thorascopy is done, it is sent to a surgical pathology lab for analysis. The final report will be sent to your doctor.
. Surgical removal of a tumor, pleura or lung is sent to a surgical pathology lab. In the lab the material is analyzed with special stains. The material may be placed under a microscope for magnification and further review to determine the cell type. After analysis is completed, small pieces of any remaining tissue are preserved in paraffin for future use
Cell Types of Mesothelioma
A patient’s doctor or medical records may refer to the “cell type” of the malignant mesothelioma. This refers to the type of tissue where the cancer first developed. For example, “epithelial” malignant mesothelioma refers to cancerous cells that develop in the “epithelium,” which is the membrane lining of the lung, heart, or abdomen. In contrast, “sarcomatous” malignant mesothelioma arises in connective tissue. “Biphasic” refers to malignant mesothelioma that arises in two different cell types. Other cell types of malignant mesothelioma are lymphohistiocytoid and desmoplastic.
Pericardial Mesothelioma
Pericardial mesothelioma is also known as mesothelioma of the pericardium or cancer of the sac that holds the heart.
Your doctor may diagnose this cancer using a thoracoscope to perform a thoracoscopy, which might also involve opening up the chest cavity to remove the tumor.
Patients who develop excessive fluid around the heart, called an effusion, may have a sample of the fluid taken to diagnose pericardial mesothelioma. Fluid might also be drained to relieve symptoms of pericardial mesothelioma. The procedure for drawing out this fluid is called “pericardiocentesis.”
Symptoms
Symptoms can include chest pain and shortness of breath. The tumor and/or fluid that accumulates between the heart and the sac can compress the heart, causing such symptoms
Your doctor may diagnose this cancer using a thoracoscope to perform a thoracoscopy, which might also involve opening up the chest cavity to remove the tumor.
Patients who develop excessive fluid around the heart, called an effusion, may have a sample of the fluid taken to diagnose pericardial mesothelioma. Fluid might also be drained to relieve symptoms of pericardial mesothelioma. The procedure for drawing out this fluid is called “pericardiocentesis.”
Symptoms
Symptoms can include chest pain and shortness of breath. The tumor and/or fluid that accumulates between the heart and the sac can compress the heart, causing such symptoms
Pleural mesothelioma, also known as mesothelioma of the pleura, is a tumor of the lining surrounding the lungs. The pleura is a thin tissue around the
Peritoneal mesothelioma, also known as cancer of the peritoneum, is a cancer of the abdominal lining.
One way doctors diagnose peritoneal mesothelioma is by looking inside the abdominal cavity with an instrument called a peritoneoscope. In this procedure, a cut is made through the abdomen wall and the peritoneoscope is placed into the abdomen. This test, called a peritoneoscopy, is usually performed in the hospital.
Some patients develop excessive fluid in the abdomen. This is called an effusion or ascites. A doctor may take a sample of such fluid to diagnose peritoneal mesothelioma. Fluid in the abdomen might also be drained to relieve symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma. The procedure for drawing out this fluid is called “paracentesis”.
Symptoms
The symptoms of this cancer may include stomach pain, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, hernia, fluid in the abdominal cavity or a mass in the abdomen.
One way doctors diagnose peritoneal mesothelioma is by looking inside the abdominal cavity with an instrument called a peritoneoscope. In this procedure, a cut is made through the abdomen wall and the peritoneoscope is placed into the abdomen. This test, called a peritoneoscopy, is usually performed in the hospital.
Some patients develop excessive fluid in the abdomen. This is called an effusion or ascites. A doctor may take a sample of such fluid to diagnose peritoneal mesothelioma. Fluid in the abdomen might also be drained to relieve symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma. The procedure for drawing out this fluid is called “paracentesis”.
Symptoms
The symptoms of this cancer may include stomach pain, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, hernia, fluid in the abdominal cavity or a mass in the abdomen.
Pleural Mesothelioma
Pleural mesothelioma, also known as mesothelioma of the pleura, is a tumor of the lining surrounding the lungs. The pleura is a thin tissue around the lungs and the inside of the chest. In order to protect the lungs, the pleura produces a small amount of fluid which helps cushion the lungs, making the lungs move more smoothly during breathing.
Benign (Non-Cancerous) pleural mesothelioma
Benign pleural mesothelioma is a non-cancerous tumor that has not spread to other organs of the body. If the tumor is large, it may squeeze the lung itself and cause shortness of breath and pain.
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Malignant Pleural mesothelioma is cancerous and can spread to other parts of the body. This rare form of cancer is found in the pleural sac lining of the lung. Exposure to asbestos is considered the primary cause of pleural mesothelioma.
Symptoms
Pleural mesothelioma may include shortness of breath, chest pain, back pain, pain in the rib cage, fluid build-up in the lung lining, hoarseness, coughing up blood, swelling of the face and arms, muscle weakness, paralysis and sensory loss.
Benign (Non-Cancerous) pleural mesothelioma
Benign pleural mesothelioma is a non-cancerous tumor that has not spread to other organs of the body. If the tumor is large, it may squeeze the lung itself and cause shortness of breath and pain.
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Malignant Pleural mesothelioma is cancerous and can spread to other parts of the body. This rare form of cancer is found in the pleural sac lining of the lung. Exposure to asbestos is considered the primary cause of pleural mesothelioma.
Symptoms
Pleural mesothelioma may include shortness of breath, chest pain, back pain, pain in the rib cage, fluid build-up in the lung lining, hoarseness, coughing up blood, swelling of the face and arms, muscle weakness, paralysis and sensory loss.
Wednesday, June 6, 2007
Types and Symptoms of Mesothelioma
. Pleural Mesothelioma
. Peritoneal Mesothelioma
. Pericardial Mesothelioma
. Cell Types of Mesothelioma
. Peritoneal Mesothelioma
. Pericardial Mesothelioma
. Cell Types of Mesothelioma
Peritoneal Mesothelioma
Peritoneal mesothelioma is a cancer of the lining of the abdominal cavity. This form of cancer makes up approximately one-fifth to one-third of the total number of mesothelioma cases diagnosed.
According to the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) database, these diagnoses are approximately 54.7 per cent male versus 45.3 per cent female, with the median age being 65-69. The latency period appears to be shorter for asbestos-exposed individuals with symptoms appearing 20-30 years after exposure rather than the 30-40 year latency more commonly associated with pleural mesothelioma.
According to the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) database, these diagnoses are approximately 54.7 per cent male versus 45.3 per cent female, with the median age being 65-69. The latency period appears to be shorter for asbestos-exposed individuals with symptoms appearing 20-30 years after exposure rather than the 30-40 year latency more commonly associated with pleural mesothelioma.
Malignant mesothelioma
The tissue that lines your lungs, stomach, heart and other organs is called mesothelium. Mesothelioma is cancer of that tissue. It is a rare but serious type of cancer. It usually starts in the lungs, but can also start in the abdomen or other organs. Most people who develop mesothelioma have worked on jobs where they inhaled asbestos particles. It can take a long time - 30 to 50 years - between being around asbestos and getting the disease. Treatment includes surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or all three.
MESOTHELIOMA
For those diagnosed with mesothelioma, an asbestos-related cancer of the lining of the lung (pleura) or the lining of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum), finding a credible source of information about the disease itself and the medical options available, is of the highest priority.
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